Gels, Creams, Lotions, and Ointments: Key Benefits and Differences

Gels, Creams, Lotions, and Ointments: Key Benefits and Differences

Semi-solid dosage forms are a class of pharmaceutical formulations that exist in a state between solid and liquid, exhibiting characteristics of both. These dosage forms are widely used in various applications, particularly in topical and transdermal drug delivery. Semi-solid dosage forms, such as gels, creams, lotions and ointments, are topical formulations designed for application to […]

505(b)(1) vs 505(b)(2): Understanding the Key Differences in FDA Drug Approval Processes

505(b)(1) vs 505(b)(2): Understanding the Key Differences in FDA Drug Approval Processes

The 505(b)(1) pathway is typically used for new drugs with active ingredients that the FDA has not previously approved. This pathway requires a full New Drug Application (NDA) supported by detailed safety and efficacy data from extensive preclinical and clinical trials conducted by or on behalf of the applicant. In contrast, the 505(b)(2) pathway allows […]

Patient Compliance Through Drug Delivery Systems

Patient Compliance Through Drug Delivery Systems

Lack of patient compliance in medication is a major cause of poor health outcomes. There are a variety of reasons that contribute to this lack of patient compliance. Forgetfulness, adverse side effects, lack of access to medicine, high cost, inability to swallow large tablets or capsules, fear of needles, and poor taste are all reasons […]

What is CMC?

what is CMC

In the pharmaceutical industry, CMC stands for Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls. Quality and consistency of medicines is the primary responsibility and focus of the CMC function. The FDA regulates all CMC requirements for the pharmaceutical industry, which covers all aspects of drug substance and drug product chemistry, manufacturing, and quality control (QC). CMC consists of […]

Frequently Asked Question: Dissolution testing

Dissolution testing of pharmaceutical drug products is one of the most important tools during drug development and for quality assurance during quality control (QC) release testing. This testing is mandatory for all oral solid dose, oral semi solid dose, and oral suspension products. It is not required for drugs that are already in solution such […]

Controlled Release Explained

Controlled Release (CR) involves the application of one or more polymer system to design a drug product that controls the drug release in a desired well characterized and reproducible manner.   This results in drug entry into the systemic circulation within the specifications of the required drug delivery profile.  Figure below compares plasma drug profiles for […]

Obstacles in Drug Development and How to Overcome Them

Drug discovery and development is a complex, expensive undertaking that can often end in failure to secure drug approval for critically needed medicines. The pre-clinical and clinical phase of drug development starts after target identification. During this phase, missteps in overall strategy, IND-enabling animal studies, lack of bioavailability or drug stability, formulation and manufacturing challenges, […]

Tablet Defects and How to Overcome Them in Manufacturing

Oral solid dose formulations, like tablets and capsules, are the most popular dosage forms for pharmaceutical drugs in the US due to their high medication compliance amongst patients and low manufacturing cost. A bottle of tablets for a monthly prescription can sometimes be manufactured for as low as five dollars, a cost virtually impossible to […]

Understanding Bioequivalence in Generic Drug Approval

Well over 80% of medicine prescribed in the US by volume are generics. Generic substitution saves the US healthcare sector billions of dollars and makes many medicines affordable to patients. Per the US FDA, even drugs that contain the same active ingredients at the same strength utilizing the same route of administration are not considered […]

Integrating cGMP in Clinical Manufacturing

Integrating cGMP in Clinical Manufacturing

Quality and safety are of utmost importance, among other critical factors, when developing a new drug. But clinical and analytical departments sometimes struggle to decide at which phase cGMP should be incorporated. What is cGMP? The acronym cGMP stands for Current Good Manufacturing Practices. These are regulations that are enforced by the FDA to ensure […]